Lpc2000

Here is an explanation of the I/O toggle speed that is observed in 
these devices.

Richard

The I/O speed has a maximum at ~3.7 Mhz because of several reasons, 
none specific to our parts. It is caused by interactions between the 
ARM pipeline, the VPB bus, the ARM AHB wrapper (interface between the 
ARM7TDMI-S core and the AHB bus), and the instruction timing itself. 
For the minimum 3-instruction loop below, a Store (Write to I/O pin) 
followed by another Store (toggle the I/O pin) and a Branch back to 
the first Store, the timing is as follows (Fe for Fetch, De for 
Decode, En for execution clock n):

Pass1:

STR:	Fe-De-E1-E1-E2-E2-E2-E2-E2
STR:	      Fe-De----------------------------E1-E1-E2-E2-E2-E2
B:	            Fe-----------------------------De-----------------
-----E1-E1-E2-E3
 
Pass2:
STR								     
Fe-De		

And so on...

An STR to VPB space takes 8 clocks because the last 2 phases (STR is 
a 4 phase instruction) are Non-Sequential (NS) accesses and the AHB 
wrapper adds one wait state for every NS access. This means the 3rd 
phase of the instruction takes 2 clocks, and the fourth phase takes 4 
because of the wait state and the VPB operations being 3 clocks.

The second STR can be fetched and Decoded in the pipeline but will 
then stall because the execution pipeline stage is busy (the first 
Store has not completed yet). The Branch instruction can also be 
fetched in the Decode slot of the second STR but it will then stall 
because the Decode stall is occupied by the second STR.

After the first STR completes, the second STR will start its 
execution phase and finally will allow the Branch instruction (which 
also has one NS phase) to proceed. 

End result: This takes 16 clocks (266.7 ns at 60 MHz with VPB clock 
set to 1) with a duty cycle of 6:10 .


Code:

.loop:
str r2, [r7, #0]
str r2, [r6, #0]
b .loop