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UV LED + photoresist experiments

UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-27 by Adam Seychell

I've been experimenting with some UV LEDs for building an exposure unit. 
I'm using the negative dry film photoresist and discovered to my 
surprise that there is a limitation on minimum light intensity. If the 
intensity its too low then no amount of time will cause photo 
polymerisation of the resist.
For example, one LED I tested at 15mA, 120mm distance did not cause any 
polymerisation in 40 minutes. The same LED at 30mm distance, 20mA, took 
only 30 second for polymerisation.

I found if the light cannot expose the resist within about 2 or 3 
minutes then the photoresist do not seem to react at all. At boarder 
line UV intensity, it partly polymerises leaving behind a soft matted 
looking resist after development.

This imposes a design constraint on anyone who wants to make a LED 
exposure unit must because it there will be a minimum density of LEDs 
needed in the array. So far I've only experimented with single LED 
exposures. I'll make a 9 x 9 array for testing.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by Russell Shaw

Adam Seychell wrote:
> I've been experimenting with some UV LEDs for building an exposure unit. 
> I'm using the negative dry film photoresist and discovered to my 
> surprise that there is a limitation on minimum light intensity. If the 
> intensity its too low then no amount of time will cause photo 
> polymerisation of the resist.
> For example, one LED I tested at 15mA, 120mm distance did not cause any 
> polymerisation in 40 minutes. The same LED at 30mm distance, 20mA, took 
> only 30 second for polymerisation.
> 
> I found if the light cannot expose the resist within about 2 or 3 
> minutes then the photoresist do not seem to react at all. At boarder 
> line UV intensity, it partly polymerises leaving behind a soft matted 
> looking resist after development.
> 
> This imposes a design constraint on anyone who wants to make a LED 
> exposure unit must because it there will be a minimum density of LEDs 
> needed in the array. So far I've only experimented with single LED 
> exposures. I'll make a 9 x 9 array for testing.

Have you tried using the same higher current and just increasing the
distance? Maybe the wavelength is increased at lower current, which
would reduce the photon energy.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by Adam Seychell

Russell Shaw wrote:
> 

> Have you tried using the same higher current and just increasing the
> distance? Maybe the wavelength is increased at lower current, which
> would reduce the photon energy.
> 

Yes, I tried 20mA at 120mm distance and still no exposure. I also tested 
15mA at just 20mm distance and got complete polymerisation in under 2 
minutes. So, I don't think its anything to do with wavelength change, 
even if an LED's wavelength could change significantly with current.

LED arrays solve the problem because intensity is increased greatly, and 
  is also less dependent on spacing between the exposed surface and 
LEDs. Increasing the spacing also improves uniformity because the 
increased overlap of adjacent LEDs.

For anyone interested, here's some more results.

Here are approximate times for complete polymerisation of negative dry 
film photoresist using a 3x3 LED UV array of 15mm pitch. The light path 
was travelling through 3mm window glass plus one sheet of inkjet 
transparency film to represent actual PCB exposure conditions.


LED	Current	Spacing	Increment	Polymerisation Time
Type 	(mA)	(mm)	(seconds)	(seconds)
-----------------------------------------------------
A	10	150	10		40
A	20	150	5		20
B	20	150	10		60
B	20	60	10		50


LED types are:
A  "UV 390-395nm 5mm NR F/R" ebay: besthongkong, price: AUD$0.21/ea
B  "UV 3000mcd 5mm"  ebay: winsome_house, price: AUD$0.11/ea


Its clear LED "A" is a winner here. But then again it might be better to 
use the cheap "B" LED and then double the density in the array so 
uniformity is improved. Both LED "A" and "B" when assembled in a 15mm 
pitch square array at 150mm distance seems to give pretty uniform 
looking light when shined on some white paper.

Re: UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by javaguy11111

--- In Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com, Adam Seychell <a_seychell@...>
wrote:
>
> I've been experimenting with some UV LEDs for building an exposure
unit. 
> I'm using the negative dry film photoresist and discovered to my 
> surprise that there is a limitation on minimum light intensity. If the 
> intensity its too low then no amount of time will cause photo 
> polymerisation of the resist.
> For example, one LED I tested at 15mA, 120mm distance did not cause any 
> polymerisation in 40 minutes. The same LED at 30mm distance, 20mA, took 
> only 30 second for polymerisation.
> 
> I found if the light cannot expose the resist within about 2 or 3 
> minutes then the photoresist do not seem to react at all. At boarder 
> line UV intensity, it partly polymerises leaving behind a soft matted 
> looking resist after development.
> 
> This imposes a design constraint on anyone who wants to make a LED 
> exposure unit must because it there will be a minimum density of LEDs 
> needed in the array. So far I've only experimented with single LED 
> exposures. I'll make a 9 x 9 array for testing.
>

Definitely very peculiar. I would expect the exposure time to go up
with the square of the distance. So a four times increase in distance
would result in a 16 times exposure time. In your case it should have
taken 8 minutes. 

Do you have any kind of material that fluouresces when you shine the
LEDs to see if there is uniform emission. I wonder if the UV could be
getting emitted in a ring pattern. If that were the case, when you get
too far away, the UV would not be hitting the resist.


I bought the Best HongKong LEDs as well. I received a notice from the
post office that I have to pick them up. When I get them I will try
the same kind of experiment to see what happens.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by agscal -AGSCalabrese

You might want to find a way to lose the glass layer.
It may be sucking UV energy or converting it.
How about vacuum suction or really thin glass ( 1mm ) ?

Glass blocks UV
http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem00/chem00539.htm
Plastic versus UV
http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/eng99/eng99272.htm   see below**
UV transparent materials
http://www.coatings.de/radcure/reading/skinner.htm
http://oh-dog.com/UV

** But I could list specific plastics.
Pure Plexiglass ("PMMA", poly-methyl-meth-acrylate) transmits most of  
the UV that will give you a suntan.
Clear poly-styrene plastic is chemically simple, just C's and H's  
(Carbon and Hydrogen), and no big electron clouds. So it transmits UV  
better.
Poly-ethylene is even simpler, and will transmit even farther into  
the UV.  But it always has scattering, always looks cloudy or milky  
(translucent).
DuPont's Teflon (TM) has only Carbon and Fluorine atoms, and  
transmits so far into the UV that scientists have difficulty getting  
UV lasers to cut it.  But you have seen that it is really white  
("PTFE" type), not just cloudy like poly-ethylene, and this kind of  
DuPont's Teflon (TM)
has very strong scattering.  If it is too white to see through, you  
will get a low percentage transmission in the UV too.  Then there are  
clearer types ("PFA" type) which are only a little cloudy.  They  
transmit well too. Good thing is, almost never does
someone bother to put UV-blocking dye in Teflons.


Gus


>>
>> On Feb 27, 2008, at 8:16 PM, Adam Seychell wrote:
>>
>>> Russell Shaw wrote:
>>> >
>>>
>>> > Have you tried using the same higher current and just  
>>> increasing the
>>> > distance? Maybe the wavelength is increased at lower current,  
>>> which
>>> > would reduce the photon energy.
>>> >
>>>
>>> Yes, I tried 20mA at 120mm distance and still no exposure. I also  
>>> tested
>>> 15mA at just 20mm distance and got complete polymerisation in  
>>> under 2
>>> minutes. So, I don't think its anything to do with wavelength  
>>> change,
>>> even if an LED's wavelength could change significantly with current.
>>>
>>> LED arrays solve the problem because intensity is increased  
>>> greatly, and
>>> is also less dependent on spacing between the exposed surface and
>>> LEDs. Increasing the spacing also improves uniformity because the
>>> increased overlap of adjacent LEDs.
>>>
>>> For anyone interested, here's some more results.
>>>
>>> Here are approximate times for complete polymerisation of  
>>> negative dry
>>> film photoresist using a 3x3 LED UV array of 15mm pitch. The  
>>> light path
>>> was travelling through 3mm window glass plus one sheet of inkjet
>>> transparency film to represent actual PCB exposure conditions.
>>>
>>> LED	Current	Spacing	Increment	Polymerisation Time
>>> Type (mA)	(mm)	(seconds)	(seconds)
>>> -----------------------------------------------------
>>> A	10	150	10	 40
>>> A	20	150	5	 20
>>> B	20	150	10	 60
>>> B	20	60	10	 50
>>>
>>> LED types are:
>>> A "UV 390-395nm 5mm NR F/R" ebay: besthongkong, price: AUD$0.21/ea
>>> B "UV 3000mcd 5mm" ebay: winsome_house, price: AUD$0.11/ea
>>>
>>> Its clear LED "A" is a winner here. But then again it might be  
>>> better to
>>> use the cheap "B" LED and then double the density in the array so
>>> uniformity is improved. Both LED "A" and "B" when assembled in a  
>>> 15mm
>>> pitch square array at 150mm distance seems to give pretty uniform
>>> looking light when shined on some white paper.
>>>
>>>
> 


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] Re: UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by Adam Seychell

javaguy11111 wrote:
> Definitely very peculiar. I would expect the exposure time to go up
> with the square of the distance. So a four times increase in distance
> would result in a 16 times exposure time. In your case it should have
> taken 8 minutes. 
>   

I've since been browsing the web and it appears manufactures of 
photoresist go to great efforts to try make
their exposure a non-linear function of intensity. The purpose is to 
improve the "contrast" of photoresists.
If the resist photochemical reaction occurs abruptly above a particular 
intensity then it will improve contrast
of the image. If the photomask lets a little light through then it won't 
cause any problem because the intensity
is below the threshold. Also any scattering or light detraction will 
less likely cause the the resist to be exposed.

So its expected that low light levels won't cause photoresist to expose. 
At low light intensity, the exposure time is not
proportional to total light energy as I originally expected.

> Do you have any kind of material that fluouresces when you shine the
> LEDs to see if there is uniform emission. I wonder if the UV could be
> getting emitted in a ring pattern. If that were the case, when you get
> too far away, the UV would not be hitting the resist.
>   

I shined the LED on some gloss inkjet photo paper and the light looked 
relatively uniform across a 1cm x 1cm exposure test
area.
>
> I bought the Best HongKong LEDs as well. I received a notice from the
> post office that I have to pick them up. When I get them I will try
> the same kind of experiment to see what happens

As noted in my other post the BestHongKong 390-395nm LEDs were about 3 
times more efficient at exposure than the cheap LEDs.

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by Leon

----- Original Message ----- 
Show quoted textHide quoted text
From: "agscal -AGSCalabrese" <agscal@...>
To: <Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2008 5:54 AM
Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments


> You might want to find a way to lose the glass layer.
> It may be sucking UV energy or converting it.
> How about vacuum suction or really thin glass ( 1mm ) ?
>
> Glass blocks UV

It depends on the wavelength, ordinary glass is quite transparent to the UV 
used for PCB exposure.

Leon
--
Leon Heller
Amateur radio call-sign  G1HSM
Yaesu FT-817ND transceiver
Suzuki SV1000S motorcycle
leon355@...
http://www.geocities.com/leon_heller

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by agscal -AGSCalabrese

I did not know that.
Do you have a graph of wavelength vs transmssion % that I could be  
directed to ?  Also, If  the glass happens to have unsuspected  
coatings, then it is not ordinary glass.  ... May still be a problem.
Gus

>
> On Feb 28, 2008, at 2:09 AM, Leon wrote:
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "agscal -AGSCalabrese" <agscal@...>
> To: <Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com>
> Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2008 5:54 AM
> Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments
>
> > You might want to find a way to lose the glass layer.
> > It may be sucking UV energy or converting it.
> > How about vacuum suction or really thin glass ( 1mm ) ?
> >
> > Glass blocks UV
>
> It depends on the wavelength, ordinary glass is quite transparent  
> to the UV
> used for PCB exposure.
>
> Leon
> --
> Leon Heller
> Amateur radio call-sign G1HSM
> Yaesu FT-817ND transceiver
> Suzuki SV1000S motorcycle
> leon355@...
> http://www.geocities.com/leon_heller
>
>


[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]

Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments

2008-02-28 by Leon

----- Original Message ----- 
Show quoted textHide quoted text
From: "agscal -AGSCalabrese" <agscal@...>
To: <Homebrew_PCBs@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Thursday, February 28, 2008 4:31 PM
Subject: Re: [Homebrew_PCBs] UV LED + photoresist experiments


>I did not know that.
> Do you have a graph of wavelength vs transmssion % that I could be
> directed to ?  Also, If  the glass happens to have unsuspected
> coatings, then it is not ordinary glass.  ... May still be a problem.

No, but it is the reason why most UV exposure units have glass platens. I 
just use ordinary window glass in my exposure unit, and don't have any 
problems.

Leon
--
Leon Heller
Amateur radio call-sign  G1HSM
Yaesu FT-817ND transceiver
Suzuki SV1000S motorcycle
leon355@...
http://www.geocities.com/leon_heller

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