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LPC21XX as OSD Generator

LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by radim100

Hi , 
 I was just wondering did anybody used any of LPC21XX chips to generate
 OSD ( On Screen Display)  video overlay. I mean without external  
video OSD chip ( like STV5730 ) , directly from LPC21XX.
 And if yes could you share experience or some docs. 
 Thanks Radim.
 http://www.micronix.ca

Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Leon Heller

----- Original Message ----- 
Show quoted textHide quoted text
From: "radim100" <radim100@...>
To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 7:48 PM
Subject: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator


> Hi , 
> I was just wondering did anybody used any of LPC21XX chips to generate
> OSD ( On Screen Display)  video overlay. I mean without external  
> video OSD chip ( like STV5730 ) , directly from LPC21XX.
> And if yes could you share experience or some docs. 

 I think it might be difficult, given the I/O speed limitation.

Leon
--
Leon Heller, G1HSM
leon.heller@...
http://www.geocities.com/leon_heller
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Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Onestone

There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it being done 
with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, if a PIC 
can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it is still 
around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was 
published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.

Cheers

Al

Leon Heller wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>----- Original Message ----- 
>From: "radim100" <radim100@...>
>To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
>Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 7:48 PM
>Subject: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
>
>
>  
>
>>Hi , 
>>I was just wondering did anybody used any of LPC21XX chips to generate
>>OSD ( On Screen Display)  video overlay. I mean without external  
>>video OSD chip ( like STV5730 ) , directly from LPC21XX.
>>And if yes could you share experience or some docs. 
>>    
>>
>
> I think it might be difficult, given the I/O speed limitation.
>
>Leon
>--
>Leon Heller, G1HSM
>leon.heller@...
>http://www.geocities.com/leon_heller
>---
>[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your responsibility 
>to maintain up to date anti virus software on the device that you are
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>
>
>
> 
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Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Leon Heller

----- Original Message ----- 
Show quoted textHide quoted text
From: "Onestone" <onestone@...>
To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator


> There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it being done
> with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, if a PIC
> can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it is still
> around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was
> published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.

I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time display and it 
couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something like that, but it 
probably isn't much use.

Leon 

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Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Onestone

I don't remember the details, but I have seen several reasonable (25-40 
character/line) OSD displays as magazine projects over the years. IIRC 
even BYTE did one in its heyday, and I'd bet that Circuit Cellar 
probbaly has one.

Yep here's one of the few that turned up on byte:-

http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/print/1199/Baptiste112/2.htm

Not too bad resolution wise, and it uses a PIC

Cheers

Al

Leon Heller wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>----- Original Message ----- 
>From: "Onestone" <onestone@...>
>To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
>Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
>Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
>
>
>  
>
>>There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it being done
>>with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, if a PIC
>>can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it is still
>>around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was
>>published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.
>>    
>>
>
>I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time display and it 
>couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something like that, but it 
>probably isn't much use.
>
>Leon 
>
>---
>[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your responsibility 
>to maintain up to date anti virus software on the device that you are
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Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Doug Sutherland

This is using the STV5730A video overlay chip, the micro is not doing
any video at all. The question was how can this be done on the micro
without STV5730A or equivalent.

   -- Doug


Onestone wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
> I don't remember the details, but I have seen several reasonable (25-40 
> character/line) OSD displays as magazine projects over the years. IIRC 
> even BYTE did one in its heyday, and I'd bet that Circuit Cellar 
> probbaly has one.
> 
> Yep here's one of the few that turned up on byte:-
> 
> http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/print/1199/Baptiste112/2.htm
> 
> Not too bad resolution wise, and it uses a PIC
> 
> Cheers
> 
> Al
> 
> Leon Heller wrote:
> 
> 
>>----- Original Message ----- 
>>From: "Onestone" <onestone@...>
>>To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
>>Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
>>Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
>>
>>
>> 
>>
>>
>>>There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it being done
>>>with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, if a PIC
>>>can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it is still
>>>around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was
>>>published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.
>>>   
>>>
>>
>>I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time display and it 
>>couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something like that, but it 
>>probably isn't much use.
>>
>>Leon 
>>
>>---
>>[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your responsibility 
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>>currently using to read this email. ]
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> Yahoo! Groups Links
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RE: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Eric Rullens

> I don't remember the details, but I have seen several 
> reasonable (25-40 
> character/line) OSD displays as magazine projects over the 
> years. IIRC 
> even BYTE did one in its heyday, and I'd bet that Circuit Cellar 
> probbaly has one.
> 
> Yep here's one of the few that turned up on byte:-
> 
> http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/print/1199/Baptiste112/2.htm
> 
> Not too bad resolution wise, and it uses a PIC

You may want to read that again...

"Using an off-the-shelf OSD module saved me development time and
aggravation, and enabled me to concentrate on features instead of core
operations of the character display."

I think you can forget about bit-banging anything above low (/medium with
the improved chips) resolution with a LPC.

  Eric
Show quoted textHide quoted text
> Leon Heller wrote:
> 
> >----- Original Message ----- 
> >From: "Onestone" <onestone@...>
> >To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
> >Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
> >Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
> >
> >
> >  
> >
> >>There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed 
> it being done
> >>with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though 
> slow, if a PIC
> >>can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know 
> if it is still
> >>around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was
> >>published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.
> >>    
> >>
> >
> >I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time 
> display and it 
> >couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something 
> like that, but it 
> >probably isn't much use.
> >
> >Leon 
> >
> >---
> >[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your 
> responsibility 
> >to maintain up to date anti virus software on the device that you are
> >currently using to read this email. ]
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Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by Onestone

I must admit I didn't see that, it's 06:10 here and my eyes are going 
fuzzy.

Al

Doug Sutherland wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>This is using the STV5730A video overlay chip, the micro is not doing
>any video at all. The question was how can this be done on the micro
>without STV5730A or equivalent.
>
>   -- Doug
>
>
>Onestone wrote:
>  
>
>>I don't remember the details, but I have seen several reasonable (25-40 
>>character/line) OSD displays as magazine projects over the years. IIRC 
>>even BYTE did one in its heyday, and I'd bet that Circuit Cellar 
>>probbaly has one.
>>
>>Yep here's one of the few that turned up on byte:-
>>
>>http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/print/1199/Baptiste112/2.htm
>>
>>Not too bad resolution wise, and it uses a PIC
>>
>>Cheers
>>
>>Al
>>
>>Leon Heller wrote:
>>
>>
>>    
>>
>>>----- Original Message ----- 
>>>From: "Onestone" <onestone@...>
>>>To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
>>>Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
>>>Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>      
>>>
>>>>There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it being done
>>>>with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, if a PIC
>>>>can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it is still
>>>>around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It was
>>>>published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years ago.
>>>>  
>>>>
>>>>        
>>>>
>>>I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time display and it 
>>>couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something like that, but it 
>>>probably isn't much use.
>>>
>>>Leon 
>>>
>>>---
>>>[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your responsibility 
>>>to maintain up to date anti virus software on the device that you are
>>>currently using to read this email. ]
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>Yahoo! Groups Links
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>>>
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>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>      
>>>
>>
>>
>>
>> 
>>Yahoo! Groups Links
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>> 
>>
>>
>>
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>>    
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>
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>Yahoo! Groups Links
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>  
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Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-28 by radim100

--- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, Onestone <onestone@b...> wrote:
>
>  I must admit I didn't see that, it's 06:10 here and my eyes are 
going 
> fuzzy.
> 
> Al
> 
> Doug Sutherland wrote:
> 
> >This is using the STV5730A video overlay chip, the micro is not 
doing
> >any video at all. The question was how can this be done on the 
micro
> >without STV5730A or equivalent.
> >
> >   -- Doug
> >
> >
> >Onestone wrote:
> >  
> >
> >>I don't remember the details, but I have seen several reasonable 
(25-40 
> >>character/line) OSD displays as magazine projects over the years. 
IIRC 
> >>even BYTE did one in its heyday, and I'd bet that Circuit Cellar 
> >>probbaly has one.
> >>
> >>Yep here's one of the few that turned up on byte:-
> >>
> >>http://www.circuitcellar.com/library/print/1199/Baptiste112/2.htm
> >>
> >>Not too bad resolution wise, and it uses a PIC
> >>
> >>Cheers
> >>
> >>Al
> >>
> >>Leon Heller wrote:
> >>
> >>
> >>    
> >>
> >>>----- Original Message ----- 
> >>>From: "Onestone" <onestone@b...>
> >>>To: <lpc2000@yahoogroups.com>
> >>>Sent: Friday, October 28, 2005 8:21 PM
> >>>Subject: Re: [lpc2000] LPC21XX as OSD Generator
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>      
> >>>
> >>>>There used to be a very old Microchip app note that showed it 
being done
> >>>>with one of the very old PIC16c5x parts, so, even though slow, 
if a PIC
> >>>>can do it I'm pretty certain the LPC2 could. I don't know if it 
is still
> >>>>around, it was possibly one of their old competition winners. It 
was
> >>>>published in the enormous applications handbook of a few years 
ago.
> >>>>  
> >>>>
> >>>>        
> >>>>
> >>>I tried it several years ago. It was very crude - large time 
display and it 
> >>>couldn't do anything else. The LPC could manage something like 
that, but it 
> >>>probably isn't much use.
> >>>
> >>>Leon 
> >>>
> >>>---
> >>>[This E-mail has been scanned for viruses but it is your 
responsibility 
> >>>to maintain up to date anti virus software on the device that you 
are
> >>>currently using to read this email. ]
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>Yahoo! Groups Links
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> >>>
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> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>
> >>>      
> >>>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 
> >>Yahoo! Groups Links
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >> 
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>
> >>    
> >>
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > 
> >Yahoo! Groups Links
> >
> >
> >
> > 
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >  
> >
>
Hi,
 Yah , there is lots of projects with STV5730 which is probably best 
solution,but it was discontinued last year. Does anybody knows some 
good replacement for this chip ?
 Radim.

Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Eric Engler

>  I think it might be difficult, given the I/O speed limitation.
>

That's true. Prior to the new high speed GPIO, most ARM chips could
only toggle at a speed under 4 Mhz. The new 2148 can toggle around 15
Mhz, but it's still going to be a challenge.

Might be wise to get one of the PIC-like devices from Ubicom to do
this kind of thing.

Eric

Re: [lpc2000] Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Onestone

The very early PICs mostly ran with a 4MHz clock, 1MHz Internal. if 
low/medium rs OSD is possible on a PIC16C54 then I'm sure that the 4MHz 
I/O speed of the LPC could only improve on this. Although it doesn't 
look like that particular app note is around anymore, unless someone has 
an old version  or the monster applications handbook.

Al

Eric Engler wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>> I think it might be difficult, given the I/O speed limitation.
>>
>>    
>>
>
>That's true. Prior to the new high speed GPIO, most ARM chips could
>only toggle at a speed under 4 Mhz. The new 2148 can toggle around 15
>Mhz, but it's still going to be a challenge.
>
>Might be wise to get one of the PIC-like devices from Ubicom to do
>this kind of thing.
>
>Eric
>
>
>
>
>
>
> 
>Yahoo! Groups Links
>
>
>
> 
>
>
>
>
>  
>

Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by rodboyce70

All,

Look it is relativly easy to do the micro must sync up with the
horizontal and vertical sync pulses.  Then it is a simple matter of
timming and interrupting the original video with your own.  If you
only wnat white text then you only need one output pin.  Toggle it
high when you want white and low when you want the original video to
pass through.  I know PAL the best and it has been a long time but
I'll try and use the correct numbers.

There are 50 frames a second transmitted but each frame is an
interlace.  So video output is even number scan lines in the frame
then odd numbered scan lines.  A video scan line is 62.5uS including
the sync-pluse.  I think that from memory the total sync pulse width
in 12.5uS this leave 50uS of screen data.  So by dividing this 50uS
into as many sections is you like you get a pixel width.  There are
625 lines in a frame and I think 100 or so of them are take up with
vertial refresh this leaves 525 for display.  So a counter that
countes these lines will provide you with a pixel height.  With all
this info a simple B&W OSD should be possible.  If you want different
collours then you will have to split the video stream into RGB and use
three outputs to toggle each of the colours but you still need to do
the timing of the video frame.

Hope this helps and that my infomation is not too incorrect.  The
video bandwidth of a composite video stream is either 5.5MHz or 6.5MHz
(for pal a least) Toggeleing a pin at 15MHz would be more than fast
enough.  The rest is timming and I'm guessing that if a PIC @ 12MHz
can produce video
http://www.web-ee.com/Schematics/PICTetris/PICTetris.htm &
http://www.brouhaha.com/~eric/pic/picpong.html then a LPC @ 60MHz
should be more than capable of doing the same thing.

Hope this helps,
Rod


--- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, Onestone <onestone@b...> wrote:
>
> The very early PICs mostly ran with a 4MHz clock, 1MHz Internal. if 
> low/medium rs OSD is possible on a PIC16C54 then I'm sure that the 4MHz 
> I/O speed of the LPC could only improve on this. Although it doesn't 
> look like that particular app note is around anymore, unless someone
has 
Show quoted textHide quoted text
> an old version  or the monster applications handbook.
> 
> Al
> 
> Eric Engler wrote:
> 
> >> I think it might be difficult, given the I/O speed limitation.
> >>
> >>    
> >>
> >
> >That's true. Prior to the new high speed GPIO, most ARM chips could
> >only toggle at a speed under 4 Mhz. The new 2148 can toggle around 15
> >Mhz, but it's still going to be a challenge.
> >
> >Might be wise to get one of the PIC-like devices from Ubicom to do
> >this kind of thing.
> >
> >Eric
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > 
> >Yahoo! Groups Links
> >
> >
> >
> > 
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >  
> >
>

RE: [lpc2000] Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Michael Rubitschka

I already built an OSD generator based on Ulrich Radigs design.
The idea was to display you got email and other pc relevant messages
via rf link on a tv.But for the OSD I used an AVR.
I think an ARM is overkill for this project.

see
http://www.ulrichradig.de/
AVR Projekte
Videotext

Cheers
Michael

Re: [lpc2000] Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Alex Gibson

>>>
> Hi,
>  Yah , there is lots of projects with STV5730 which is probably best 
> solution,but it was discontinued last year. Does anybody knows some 
> good replacement for this chip ?
>  Radim.

Easiest is an fpga.
Should be able to do a bit in a larger cpld
like a coolrunner2-256.

www.xess.com  has some nice docs and hdl
for fpga


Maybe able to find some c code here
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/FinalProjects/
http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/ee476/video/index.html
These are for avr.

Alex

Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by donhamilton2002

--- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "rodboyce70" <rodboyce70@y...> wrote:
> <snip>
> 
> There are 50 frames a second transmitted but each frame is an
> interlace.  So video output is even number scan lines in the frame
> then odd numbered scan lines.  A video scan line is 62.5uS including
> the sync-pluse.  I think that from memory the total sync pulse width
> in 12.5uS this leave 50uS of screen data.  So by dividing this 50uS
> into as many sections is you like you get a pixel width.  There are

AFAIR this is correct.

Pixel width is the main factor in a project like this.

For the sake of argument, lets say the display is 50 pixels across.
That means every one uSec a transition may accure. Using an interrupt
set to one uSec would make the cpu very busy. No time left to do much
of anything. Software loop means nothing else will ever be done. Even
at 60 Mhz what would be the overhead ?

So unless you want a seperate LPC cpu to control just the video
(overkill as stated in another post) just use a seperate controller (
pick your favrite design).

This is a great academic question, but has little practical value.

donhamilton


> 625 lines in a frame and I think 100 or so of them are take up with
> vertial refresh this leaves 525 for display.  So a counter that

PS: Your software can not stop, ever !!

Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by bobtransformer

Could you possibly use LPCs PWM for vertical and horizontal sync 
generation ?

bob


--- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "donhamilton2002" <hamilton@d...> 
wrote:
>
> --- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "rodboyce70" <rodboyce70@y...> 
wrote:
> > <snip>
> > 
> > There are 50 frames a second transmitted but each frame is an
> > interlace.  So video output is even number scan lines in the frame
> > then odd numbered scan lines.  A video scan line is 62.5uS 
including
> > the sync-pluse.  I think that from memory the total sync pulse 
width
> > in 12.5uS this leave 50uS of screen data.  So by dividing this 
50uS
> > into as many sections is you like you get a pixel width.  There 
are
> 
> AFAIR this is correct.
> 
> Pixel width is the main factor in a project like this.
> 
> For the sake of argument, lets say the display is 50 pixels across.
> That means every one uSec a transition may accure. Using an 
interrupt
> set to one uSec would make the cpu very busy. No time left to do 
much
> of anything. Software loop means nothing else will ever be done. 
Even
> at 60 Mhz what would be the overhead ?
> 
> So unless you want a seperate LPC cpu to control just the video
> (overkill as stated in another post) just use a seperate controller 
(
> pick your favrite design).
> 
> This is a great academic question, but has little practical value.
> 
> donhamilton
> 
> 
> > 625 lines in a frame and I think 100 or so of them are take up 
with
Show quoted textHide quoted text
> > vertial refresh this leaves 525 for display.  So a counter that
> 
> PS: Your software can not stop, ever !!
>

Re: [lpc2000] Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Richard Duits

Maybe you can use a SSP unit to generate a constant bit stream. It takes 
only 1 write to generate 16 bits, and the FIFO should make it possible 
to generate a constant bit stream. If you use the PWM to generate the 
sync signals, you may have some processing power left for a UART or USB 
routine that can communicate with the user.

I never used the SSP, so I'm not completly sure that it is possible. You 
also need to find a way to synchronize the bit stream of the SSP to the 
sync signals.

Richard.


bobtransformer wrote:
Show quoted textHide quoted text
>
> Could you possibly use LPCs PWM for vertical and horizontal sync
> generation ?
>
> bob
>
>
> --- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "donhamilton2002" <hamilton@d...>
> wrote:
> >
> > --- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "rodboyce70" <rodboyce70@y...>
> wrote:
> > > <snip>
> > >
> > > There are 50 frames a second transmitted but each frame is an
> > > interlace.  So video output is even number scan lines in the frame
> > > then odd numbered scan lines.  A video scan line is 62.5uS
> including
> > > the sync-pluse.  I think that from memory the total sync pulse
> width
> > > in 12.5uS this leave 50uS of screen data.  So by dividing this
> 50uS
> > > into as many sections is you like you get a pixel width.  There
> are
> >
> > AFAIR this is correct.
> >
> > Pixel width is the main factor in a project like this.
> >
> > For the sake of argument, lets say the display is 50 pixels across.
> > That means every one uSec a transition may accure. Using an
> interrupt
> > set to one uSec would make the cpu very busy. No time left to do
> much
> > of anything. Software loop means nothing else will ever be done.
> Even
> > at 60 Mhz what would be the overhead ?
> >
> > So unless you want a seperate LPC cpu to control just the video
> > (overkill as stated in another post) just use a seperate controller
> (
> > pick your favrite design).
> >
> > This is a great academic question, but has little practical value.
> >
> > donhamilton
> >
> >
> > > 625 lines in a frame and I think 100 or so of them are take up
> with
> > > vertial refresh this leaves 525 for display.  So a counter that
> >
> > PS: Your software can not stop, ever !!
> >

Re: LPC21XX as OSD Generator

2005-10-29 by Eric Engler

--- In lpc2000@yahoogroups.com, "rodboyce70" <rodboyce70@y...> wrote:

> Look it is relativly easy to do the micro must sync up with the
> horizontal and vertical sync pulses.  Then it is a simple matter of
> timming and interrupting the original video with your own.  If you
> only wnat white text then you only need one output pin.  Toggle it
> high when you want white and low when you want the original video to
> pass through.

You reminded me of a book that came out in the late 70's by Don
Lancaster. It was called "The Cheap Video Cookbook". He used a 1 Mhz
6502 to generate an NTSC video signal. During horizontal retrace the
chip would get the text lined up for the next scan line, and he had
enough free cycles to do some other work.

He took advantage of a brilliant deduction. He wanted to use the
address  bus to clock out character pixels from an external shift
register. This meant that he didn't have to send out pixels
individually - he'd only need to send out the address of one complete
character each microsecond. He thought of executing a string of NOPs
to get the addresses to increment. However, the 6502 could only
execute one NOP every 2 clock periods, and this wasn't fast enough.
Then a stroke of genious set in: he could give it a series of LDA $xx
commands. The 6502 would execute the opcode fetch on one clock, then
it would fetch the immediate data from the following memory address
with the next clock cycle. This gave him a stream of character
adresses at one per microsecond, which was good enough to meet his needs.

The hard part is to support colors and to lock it to an external
signal and superimpose your characters over the other video signal.
This is harder than it sounds. You can easily get ghosting and noise
problems due to circuit layout issues.

Eric

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